Doing Business in Turkey: Advantages and How to setup a business

Strengths of the Turkish market include:

Turkey is the world’s 16^th largest economy and Europe’s sixth
Forecast to be in the world’s top-ten economies by 2023
Strong Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth
The youngest and fastest-growing population in Europe (700,000 graduates per year)
Istanbul and Ankara are among the biggest cities in the world in terms of GDP
Istanbul’s economy alone is larger than the collective economies of 12 EU countries
Turkey has the world’s second largest contracting sector, after China
access to 1.5 billion customers in Europe, Eurasia, the Middle East and North Africa and to markets with a total US $25 trillion GDP within four hours flight

Book Contents:

1. Turkish market overview

Turkey’s key attract path for growth
Turning challenges into opportunities

2. Legal environment: specificities

Introduction to legal requirements to doing a business in Turkey
Main characteristics of JSC, LLC, Branch and Liaison

3. Employment

Introduction
Foreign employees in Turkey

4. Tax environment: specificities

High level introduction of Turkish taxation
Corporate tax
Major transaction taxes
Related party transactions
Participation exemption regime in Turkey
Other tax – related issue

5. Incentives of Business in Turkey

Investment incentives
Incentives support for R&D activities

6. Electronic transformation

E-invoicing
E-archive
E-bookkeeping

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Business in Turkey 2023

Turkey plans to invest tens of billions of dollars by 2023 in projects, including geothermal, (smart) grid projects, gas, nuclear, and renewables. Both the public and private sectors continue to invest substantially in advanced manufacturing, information and communication technologies and healthcare, among other sectors.

Turkey’s movement toward membership in the European Union, though stalled, has nevertheless created momentum to adopt many European business regulations and standards in the country, ultimately making it easier to export, sell and conduct business in this market than in previous years. Despite some political and economic uncertainty, Turkey still has numerous opportunities for foreign investors.

ESTABLISHING A BUSINESS IN TURKEY

Turkey’s FDI Law is based on the principle of equal treatment, allowing international investors to have the same rights and liabilities as local investors.

The conditions for setting up a business in Turkey and share transfer are the same as those applied to local investors. International investors may establish any form of company set out in the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC), which offers a corporate governance approach that meets international standards, fosters private equity and public offering activities, creates transparency in managing operations and aligns the Turkish business environment with EU legislation as well as with the EU accession process.

Turkey has introduced reforms with a view to making it easier to do business in order to enhance the investment environment, eliminating red tape in setting up a business in Turkey and minimizing costs and procedures. To this end, establishing a company is now only carried out at Trade Registry Offices located in Chambers of Commerce and designed to be a ‘one-stop shop’. The process is completed within the same day.

Company Types under TCC and Alternative Forms

There are corporate and non-corporate forms for companies under the TCC, which states that companies may be established under the following types:

a. Corporate forms

Joint Stock Company (JSC)
Limited Liability Company (LLC)
Cooperative Company

Although some financial thresholds (i.e., minimum capital) and organs differ from each other, the procedures to be followed for establishing a JSC or an LLC are the same.

b. Non-corporate forms

Collective Company
Commandite Company

Although companies may be established according to these five different types, JSC and LLC are the most common types chosen both in the global economy and Turkey.

Establishing a Company Business in Turkey

When establishing a company in Turkey, one needs to adhere to the following rules and regulations:

Submit the memorandum and articles of association online at MERSIS
Execute and notarize company documents
Obtain potential tax identity number
Deposit a percentage of capital to the account of the Competition Authority
Deposit at least 25 percent of the startup capital in a bank and obtain proof thereof
Apply for registration at the Trade Registry Office
Certify the legal books
Follow up with the tax office on the Trade Registry Office’s company establishment notification
Issuance of signature circular
Move certain documents to electronic format / E-TUYS system

Branch Office

No shareholder.
Not an independent legal entity. Its duration is limited to the duration of the parent company.
No capital requirement, however, it would be wise to allocate a budget for the operations of a branch office.
A branch office may be incorporated only for the same purposes as those of the parent company.
Repatriation of branch profit is allowed. The branch profit transferred to the headquarters is subject to dividend withholding tax at a rate of 15 percent, which may be reduced by Double Taxation Prevention Treaties.

An application with the following documents must be submitted to the relevant Trade Registry Office for the registration of a branch:

Petition (must be signed either by an authorized signatory under the company seal or by proxy; if signed by the latter, then the original or the notarized copy of the power of attorney must be attached to the petition)
The resolution of the competent organ of the parent company to open a branch
A certified original copy of the parent company’s articles of association
Certificate of Activity of the parent company or any equivalent documentation that sets forth registration and current status of the parent company
A power of attorney granted by the parent company in favor of its resident representative, assigning full representation and accountability
Five copies of the Establishment Declaration Form (the related fields must be filled and signed by the authorized person)
Two copies of the power of attorney stating the representative in Turkey
If the branch representative is a Turkish national, a notarized copy of his/her ID card. If not, a notarized copy of the authorized representative’s passport translated into Turkish
Two copies of the signature declarations of the branch representative under the branch title
A letter of commitment (must be signed by authorized person)
A Chamber Registry Declaration Form Statement to be obtained from the Trade Registry Office (including photographs of the branch representatives)

It should be noted that all the necessary documents that will be issued and executed outside Turkey must be notarized and apostilled or alternatively ratified by the Turkish consulate where they are issued. The original executed, notarized, and apostilled documents must be officially translated and notarized by a Turkish notary.

Liaison Offices

Any company incorporated under the laws of a foreign country may establish a liaison office (aka representative office) in Turkey upon obtaining a license from the Ministry of Industry and Technology, provided that the company does not engage in any commercial activities in Turkey. To establish a liaison office, the following documents should be submitted to the Ministry of Industry and Technology, General Directorate of Incentive Implementation and Foreign Investment (GDIIFI).

Application form*
Statement outlining the works to be conducted by the liaison office, an undertaking that the office shall not engage in any commercial activities*, and proof that the signatory to the statement is fully authorized by the company
A certificate of activity issued by the foreign country and verified by the relevant Turkish Consulate or in accordance with the provisions of the Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalization for Foreign Public Documents (the Apostille Convention)
A certificate of activity issued to foreign companies or balance sheet and income statement
A certificate of authorization issued to the individual(s) appointed to conduct the activities of the liaison office
A power of attorney in the event that the procedures for establishing the liaison office are carried out by another representative

*May be obtained from the Ministry of Industry and Technology

In the event that the original documents are submitted to GDIIFI, copies of the same shall be approved by GDIIFI. The originals shall be returned to the applicant.

During the initial application for liaison offices, licenses are granted for a maximum of three years within the scope of the declared activities. Liaison offices willing to extend their term of operation shall apply to GDIIFI before the expiration of their terms of operation. GDIIFI may conclude applications for the extension of their tenure based on the nature of activities of the office over the previous year, business plan, the company’s future objectives in Turkey, existing and anticipated amount of expenditure and the number of employees. The tenure of operation of offices licensed to conduct market research or promotion of foreign company products or services shall not be extended.

Applications for establishment and tenure extension shall be concluded in fifteen working days from the date of application provided that the requested information/documents is/are complete and accurate.

Applications submitted by foreign companies to set up a liaison office to conduct financial activities subject to special legislation such as money and capital markets or insurance shall be evaluated by competent agencies such as the Capital Markets Board of Turkey and the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency – both being the duly authorized bodies pursuant to special legislations. The ministry may conclude foreign companies’ applications to set up liaison offices in other industries that require licenses for operations or similar authorizations, if necessary, upon consulting competent bodies that are duly authorized to issue such permits or licenses.

Copies of tax registration and tenancy agreement for the liaison office shall be submitted to GDIIFI within a maximum of one month. Liaison offices shall notify GDIIFI of any changes with regard to the office representative(s) or foreign company title within a maximum of one month following the change. Liaison offices shall produce a new tenancy agreement comprising the new address, the certificate of authorization of the newly appointed representative or the document(s) related with the change of title of the foreign company.

In the event that a liaison office terminates its operations, it shall furnish GDIIFI with a statement of termination to be obtained from the relevant tax office. Offices may not claim transfers of funds except for balances that remain outstanding upon termination and liquidation thereof.

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